By: Dan Corjescu
Does Nietzsche have anything important to say to us, the current inhabitants of a hyperglobal age?
Nietzsche speaks of spiritual health as the result of a superabundance of life force, a Dionysian affirmation of one’s existence, a process of becoming what one is.
This kind of healthfulness calls for the courage of laughter. A profound laughter that is able to negate what Nietzsche regarded as the worst possible thought: that existence, my existence, repeats itself over and over again without end, forever.
With this terrible thought as a guide, am I still strong enough to absolutely affirm my current existence as it is, as well as the choices that I am about to make for myself? Do I have the necessary spiritual resources to fully affirm myself and my willed trajectory of self-becoming?
Whether or not Nietzsche thought that this repetition, the Eternal Return of Everything, was an ontological reality or not (after all, it could never be conclusively proven) is not the point. We must act as if it were real. Its function is that of the ultimate moral standard in Nietzsche’s entire philosophy.
For indeed, despite some of his more histrionic protestations, Nietzsche is a moral philosopher. Did he not call for a reevaluation of all values?
In his writings, he went a long way towards such a reevaluation. For Nietzsche, everything that encouraged extreme energetic cultural creativity was good, and all that stood in its way was bad.
Furthermore, all doctrines, habits, thoughts that steered one’s gaze away from the world as experienced by our senses was delusion, demagoguery, and decadent.
Nietzsche, in a manner similar to Tocqueville, Mill, and Mathew Arnold, envisioned a future where people would be culturally, politically, emotionally, and, philosophically castrated. Nietzsche referred to such pitiful creatures as the “last men” or as C. S. Lewis would call them, “men without chests”. These are described as individuals purely concerned with their material well-being, believing themselves to be perfectly happy in the historically diminished possibilities of their lives. These future beings would be the antithesis to the hero and would experience the existence of such a person among them as “mad”. In the future there are no great deeds, there is only herd like obedience. Aldous Huxley wrote an entire book about such persons: Brave New World.
But what of our world? Are we too “last men” or are we, instead, preparing for the arrival of the overman (Übermensch)? For Nietzsche, man was something that was to be overcome. He was a “rope tied between beast and overman–a rope over an abyss”.
In 2009, Stefan Lorenz Sorgner wrote a famous essay comparing Nietzsche’s philosophy with transhumanism, the view that human beings can evolve beyond their present physical and mental state, especially by means of science. Not surprisingly, he found some strong overlap between the two. In this same essay, Sorgner also coined the expression “autonomous eugenics”. By this he meant the freely chosen physical transformation of the individual through the intervention of technology. Ultimately, according to Sorgner, the how, how much, and why of self-enhancement mediated by future technologies is, and should be, an individual’s moral choice, not, as in the past, a coercive policy carried out by the state (State Eugenics).
Where I take issue with Sorgner’s provocative article is whether Nietzsche really had the post-human of the 21st century in mind. Frankly, I don’t think that he could have. I believe that Nietzsche, rather than looking to the far future of a technologized humanity, had the example of Aristotle’s “great souled man” in mind when thinking about the eventual arrival of the overman. Like Rousseau and Hegel before him, Nietzsche looked to some of the ancient Greeks for examples of exemplary human beings.
Continuing this thought, I suspect that Nietzsche would be initially suspicious of the transhumanist project of human enhancement or transformation. He, being a man of his time, would have expected the coming of the overman to involve self-discipline\aspiration, leading to a psychological transformation rather than a physical one. Indeed, we can ask in what way would a post-human necessarily be better at the self-creation of new life-affirming values than the old human being? Would physical, technological enhancement by itself lead to superior forms of cultural existence? I think Nietzsche would have been skeptical at the prospect.
Arguing now for the other side and thus beyond Nietzsche, I think Sorgner and other transhumanists are possibly right in assuming that a posthuman would be in a good position to create new values and ways of living. Indeed, it is hard to imagine what the removal of the threat of imminent death would do to the self-understanding of a sentient being. What cultural, political projects would such a person pursue? Neither Nietzsche nor anyone else for that matter has a clear answer. So what’s the verdict? Last men or new (over)men? Some of both, I think, are in store for us.
Insofar as many of us are caught up in a lifestyle of consumption and the cultivation of daily, small pleasures, we cannot view ourselves as unduly heroic or value creating. On the other hand, technological advances are slowly holding out the promise of physical transformation, of a human being qualitatively different from the one now existing. Even so, it will remain a question for some time yet whether or not those who are pursuing transhumanist dreams are the harbingers of the overman or the last instance of the neurotically self-preoccupied, overly self-satisfied, fantastically egoistic, petty, cowardly, morally small pipsqueak of a human whom Nietzsche predicted would eventually and permanently inherit the earth.
Dan Corjescu teaches Political Philosophy and Globalization at Zeppelin University in Friedrichshafen, Germany.
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